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Abbott, David Phelps
(1836-1934)
Magician and magic inventor who devised such effects as the Floating Ball, the Talking Teakettle and Spirit Paintings. He did not give public performances, but instead invited guests into his parlor, where he amazed them with his own original magic. He wrote Behind the Scenes With the Mediums (1907), considered to be one of the best exposures of the methods used by fraudulent psychics, and The Marvelous Creations of Josefy (1908). He also wrote The David P. Abbott Book of Mysteries, published posthumously by Walter Graham in 1977.
Criss Angel was born Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos on December 19, 1967. He grew up in a close-knit Greek-American family in East Meadow, New York. He first became interested in magic at age 6 when his Aunt Stella did a card trick for him. When he was 12, he performed his first paid show for $15. By age 19 he was earning a lucrative $3000 a week performing at children's parties and nightclubs. Like David Blaine, Criss Angel has broken away from the stereotype of the traditional magician with tailcoats and a scantily dressed assistant. Even so, his image and magic is still uniquely different from David Blaine's. At first glance, he looks more like a rock musician than a magician. Indeed, his vision is to combine magic, music and big illusions in a spectacular way.

 

Abbott, Percy
(1886-1960)
Australian-born magician who emigrated to the USA. Having owned several magic supply companies in Australia in the early 1900's, he co-founded and operated the Blackstone Magic Company in Colon, MI with Harry Blackstone Sr. from 1929-31. In 1933, he opened Abbott's Magic Manufacturing Company with partner Recil Bordner. He was also publisher of TOPS magazine and creator of the annual Abbott's Get-Together Magic Convention.
Wrote: Comedy Magic
You'll find many of his silk magic inventuions described in
Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic, and his rope effects in the Encyclopedia of Rope Tricks.
Adair, Ian
( 1943 - )
British-born magician, author and specialist in dove magic. General Manager of Supreme Magic until its closing several years ago. Inventor of over 3,000 effects; author of more than 150 magic books, including the Encyclopedia of Dove Magic.
Adams, S.S.
(1879- 1933)
Danish-born, Soren Sorenson Adams, founded Adams Magic Manufacturing (1906), which today still produces a large variety of inexpensive and easy to perform pocket magic tricks. Sam Adams, as he came to be known, invented over 650 joke shop items, including Sneeze Powder, the Dribble Glass, the Snake Can and the Joy Buzzer.
 No Picture available anybody have one?? Alan, Alan
(? - ?)
British-born as Alan Rabinowitz, he was a magician and escape artist as well as magic dealer. He invented the Burning Rope escape effect and the Decimated Coin Trick.
Alan, Don
(1926 -1999 )
Born Don Alan Mcwethy. Many magicians refer to him as the "father of modern close-up magic." He did not invent the form, but popularized it through his many TV presentations. Alan had his own television show, “Don Alan's Magic Ranch”, which aired from 1961 to 1962. It lasted thirteen episodes and had guest appearances by many of the professional magicians of the time. Figures such as Al Flosso, Richard Himber, Neil Foster, Karrell Fox, Jay Marshall, Jack Gwynne, Johnny Platt, Clarke Crandall, George and Betty Johnstone, Jimmy Reneaux, Sam Berman, Chan and Ralph Pierce, and Vic Torsbergall appeared on his show. Don took an invention of Chop Chop (Al Wheatley) called the Chop Cup, cut it down in size, and that version is now known as the Don Alan Chop Cup. He performed it on the Ed Sullivan show and suddenly magicians everywhere wanted the cut-down Don Alan version of the Chop Cut.
Wrote: Pretty Sneaky (1956), Don Alan's Professional Presentation of the Chop Cup ,Close-Up Time
Media: Don Alan DVD (Volume 28 - Greater Magic Series), Magic Ranch Video Tapes (13 episodes from 1961)
  Albenice, John
(1913-1957)
American club magician and author who specialized in magic with reels. He invented the Serpent Silk, and in 1941, wrote "Reel Magic." Created Rising Card Houlette on Ribbon. You'll find many of his silk magic inventuions described in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Aldini
(1917-1989)
American magician (real name Alex Weiner) and author. Managed and owned magic shops from the late 1950's into the 1970's. Wrote Rough Stuff, Roughingly Yours. He invented the Aldini Bowl Production variation on the Westgate Bowl Production, Clock-A-Rama, Acroback Cards, Color-Shift and more. He was a member of the Order of Merlin and I.B.M. Rings 138 (Santa Monica) and 21 (Hollywood).
  Allen, Ken
(?-?)
American performer, magic dealer and inventor of Jumping Gems, Monkey-Bar, Robot Coins, Solid Brass Locket Release, Chinatown Quarter effects as well as the Soo-Zee fanning powder application tool.
  Allen, Lyman
(?-?)
American magic dealer. Inventor of Blok-Cord, The Novelty Box Selection (Jinx, 1936 summer)
Amac, Bill
(1890-1961)
A British magician who invented the Find the Lady illusion. His real name was Robert William Macfarland. Amac began to perform around 1916 in English theatres with standard feats. In 1921, he presented an original illusion "Elusive Lady" With this illusion, Amac toured in America for five years in Vaudeville theatres, and in 1929 made a European tour.
Anderson, Gene
(1941 - )
American magician best known for his version of the Cut and Restored Newspaper, and as an author of Newspaper Magic. He is a past board member of the International Brotherhood of Magicians, and one of only six performers honored as lifetime members of the Magic Circle of Norway.
Andrus, Jerry
(1920 - )
American magic inventor and author, most known for his Linking Pins, Zone Zero and The Miracle of the Yellow Ball, and many optical illusions. Author of Andrus Card Control.
Media: Jerry Andrus' A Lifetime of Magic (3 volume DVD set)

Video Link 1 Video Link 2

Andruzzi, Tony
(born Antonio C. Andruzzi 1925 - 1991)

From the 1950s to the early 1970s Andruzzi's performances were mostly comedy illusions. He adopted the name Tom Palmer and had his legal name changed to Thomas S. Palmer.

In 1970 he reclaimed Antonio C. Andruzzi as an alternative legal name. He started performing in a style known as bizarre magic. He also performed under the aliases Tony Andruzzi, Masklyn ye Mage, and Daemon Ecks.

He was editor of the bizarre magic magazine New Invocation from 1981 to 1991.

Annemann, Ted
(1907-1942)

Born Theodore John Squires, adopted by Stanley Anneman, Ted added the second 'n' in 1930. Inspired at age 10 watching schoolmate do the Ball & Vase.Debut c1925 at age c18 with the Doc Kries medicine show. Invented "Window Envelope" by 1931 and "Flat Rabbit" in 1937. Pet publicity stunt: "Bullet Catching". Voted one of the 10 Card Stars in 1938, although he was uncomfortable with sleights. Voted into the New York 'Inner Circle' by 1940. Founded-edited The Jinx 1934-41 and The Sign of Exceptional Magic 1935-35 .

Best known for his contributions to the art of mentalism, he was an extraordinary card magician as well. Annemann was an extremely talented performer, but a very troubled person. Annemann was preparing an exhibition of the Bullet Catch when life became too much for him, and he committed suicide.
Video Clip: http://tinyurl.com/q5o33
Auzinger, Max
(1839-1928)
German magician, born in Bavaria, who performed as Ben Ali Bey, and developed the Black Art act.. For seven years he was an actor in one of the Berlin theatres and as he could hardly support his family on his small salary, he looked around for something else, and seized upon the original idea of Oriental Magic. His Black Art invention was first shown in Berlin, in Castan's Panopticum where it received very little notice. Shortly afterwards the attention of Arbre was called to it, who visited the performances several times. He saw a chance of improving it and engaged Ben Ali Bey to tour with him. The first part of their performances was parlor magic. In the second part Ben Ali Bey introduced Black Art and in this representation he made his reputation.
"Ben Ali Bey's experiments were all entirely his own invention. An especially miraculous and amusing effect was produced by "The Magnetized Drawing"; in this, a skeleton drawn on a blackboard began to dance to music, and even when half of it was erased, the remaining half danced merrily on. Then there was "The Creation of Woman by the Gods of the Orient," in which a caterpillar drawn on a sheet of paper comes to life, and turns before the eyes of the audience into a cocoon from which finally a young lady appears, dressed as a tropical butterfly. An entrancing effect was "The Soap-Bubbles." Ben Ali Bey seemed to blow four gloriously-colored soap-bubbles of different sizes, which he caused by means of a fan to float hither and yon over the stage. As a conclusion, the bubbles formed themselves into a pyramid, putting a beautiful end to the effect.". - Ottokar Fischer from Illustrated Magic (1943)
Baker,Al
(1874-1951)

Legendary magician and magical inventor. He began his career in a medicine show, then later became renowned for his clever routines and ingenious magic ideas, especially in the area of mentalism. Inventor of the Al Baker Slates. Many of his silk magic effects are included in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
  Balducci, Edmund Mariano
(1906-1988)
New York City magician for whom the popular Balducci Self-Levitation principle is named, and inventor of the Balducci Wallet.
Bamberg, David
(1904-1974) a.k.a. Fu Manchu

Seventh generation magician. Son of Theo (Okito) Bamberg. Born in Great Britain, raised in the U.S. Gained much of his experience touring with the Raymond show, doing a Shadowgraphy act. Later toured with his own show, as Fu Manchu, with most of his work in South America, particularly Argentina.
Bamberg, David Leendert
(1786-1869)
Third generation magician. Son of Eliaser. Holland-born. Began his career as assistant to his father, but later had great success on his own. Most known for his Egg Bag routine, with the climax being the production of a live chicken from the bag. He inherited from his father (Eliaser or Eliazar Bamberg) the vaulting figure automata made by Opre, with whom David was well acquainted, according to Houdini in his 1908 book "The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin."

Credit: Photo from Houdini's 1908 The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin, and sent to us by Mark Damon.

  Bamberg, David Tobias
(1843-1914)
Fifth generation magician. Son of Tobias. Holland-born. Like his father and grandfather, became court magician to Holland's Royal Family.
  Bamberg, Eliaser (or Eliazar)
(1760-1833)
Second generation magician. Son of Jasper. Holland-born. His unfortunate loss of a leg during wartime turned into an advantage after he had his false leg specially fitted with secret compartments. He presented a vaulting figure automata constructed by a master magic technician of the era known only as Opre (died 1846).
  Bamberg, Jasper
(? - ?)
The original Bamberg. Holland-born. Like many of his contemporaries, he not only performed sleight-of-hand magic but occult magic as well.
Bamberg, Theo
(1875-1963)

Sixth generation magician. Son of David Tobias. Holland-born. Became famous as Okito, performing a silent act as an Oriental magician to compensate for the fact that he was deaf. Also originated a number of magic effects, including the Okito Coin Box.
  Bamberg, Tobias
(1812-1870)
Fourth generation magician. Son of David Leendert. Holland-born. As was his father, he was court magician to Holland's Royal Family. His fluency in four languages made him very successful.
Barlow (Frederick) birth in 1903 to 1971,  His career as a conjuror started at the age of 14 when he performed as Fred Carlo the Young Society Conjuror up until his retirement at the age of 80. His conjuring appears to have been a secondary occupation as he claimed to have worked in over 40 other occupations He was never-the-less very active, and for a year worked with Robert Harbin as the double act Fred and Ned. Harbin was still using his real name Ned Collins at the time..
  Bennett, Doug
(? - ?)
American magic inventor of effects like Criss Cross Cards and BewildeRing; author.
Berg, Joe
(1902-1984)
At the age of 12, Joe Bergman arrived in Chicago with his family from Pinsk, Russia. He learned magic from famed magician Johnny Platt, and later became a semi-professional dealer in Chicago as Joe Berg. Partnering with Sam Berland and Harry Faber, he spent 26 years at the Princess Magic Shop in Chicago. Berg then moved to Los Angeles and opened a shop of his own on Hollywood Boulevard. Magician to the end, he was on his way to the Magic Castle in Hollywood when he suffered a stroke, dying five days later.
He was the inventor of several popular effects, including the Ultra Mental Deck (1937) , Patriotic Release, Ever-ready Lit Cigarette Production, Super Wallet , Giant Sucker Sliding Card Frame, Berg's Ambitious Nickle, and the Atomic Deck (1955). Many of silk magic his effects are included in
Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Wrote: Berg's Private Card Problems (1933), Here's New Magic, Magic For Everyone (1983), The Berg Book
Bergeron, Bev
(?-?)
Famous for his appearances as Rebo the Clown on the CBS-TV show "Mark Wilson's Land of Allakazam" and for his many years of performances at Walt Disney'sTM Diamond Horseshow Review at Walt Disney WorldTM in Florida, Bev Bergeron is also a magic inventor of hundreds of props and illusions in use by magicians today.
Invented: Multiplying Magic Wands, the One Balloon Dog (1959), Utility Hat, Silk Gun

Wrote: Williard the Wizard (Bev toured with Williard in 1948), Rebo Nose Clowning, Entertaining Children with Magic, Ken Brooke's Magic-The Unique Years (1980), Tony Marks - Aristocrat of Deception (2000)

Informative Web site: http://bevbergeron.com/ Media: The Magic of Bev Bergeron - DVD, and Bev Bergeron: Comedy & Clowning - DVD, Bergeron, Bev: Masters Of Excellence # 3 (VHS), REBO: Nose Clowning - DVD, BEV BERGERON: On Tape! (DVD-VHS)

Berland, Sam
(1907-1987)
Magic dealer and inventor of popular effects and routines, especially using thimbles and dice. Wrote: Amazing Tricks with Paper Cups (1942); Berlands Thimble Routine, Berland’s Tricks and Routines
Invented: Sucker Cigarette Box
Many of his silk magic effects are included in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Birch, McDonald
(1902 -c1980s)
Successful American stage magician. His greatest years were during the 30's and 40's, when most other stage magicians were struggling. One of his most popular effects was Princess the Vanishing Pony. In 1924, Howard Thurston made preliminary plans to make Birch the successor to the Kellar-Thurston "magic mantle"; Thurston, however, never got around to retiring, and Birch made a successful career of his own.

 

Biro, Pete
(1933- )

Born in Oakland, California, Pete's early mentors were Lloyd E. Jones and Emile Clifton. Awards: First prize stage performer SAM, National Convention and Grand Prix Winner, PCAM Convention 1968.

Invented Sneaky Pete's Pivoting Shell, Poker Chip Surprise, Cap in any Bottle (with Joe Porper), Ghostly Linking Finger Rings (with Joe Porper), Cocktail Surprise (with Joe Porper), Billion Dollar Bill Switch, Rising Cards from Envelope (with Bill Severn).

Wrote: Pete Biro Presents The Indian Cups & Balls; Thoughts, Ideas & Routines.
Media: Himber Rings (DVD) with Karrel Fox, Ted Lesley, Billy McComb, Pete Biro and Jonathan Pendragon.

Blackstone, Harry
(1885-1965)

Born Harry Bouton, he started as one half of a vaudeville comedy act with his brother, Pete Bouton. Along with his long stage career, he co-founded Blackstone's Magic Co. with Percy Abbott in 1929. He is credited with creating classic routines for the Dancing Handkerchief, the Vanishing Bird Cage, the Buzz Saw, and of course, the Floating Light Bulb. Many feel that he was the best example of what a magician should be. He was succeeded by his son, Harry Blackstone, Jr.
Also invented: Glamour Garter, Baffling Bulbs
Wrote: Blackstone's Tricks Anyone Can Do, Blackstone’s Magic: A Book of Mystery (1930)
Blaney, Walter
(1928 - )
American magician (Zaney Blaney) and inventor of the Blaney Ladder Levitation, made popular by David Copperfield, The Great Escape, Suspension 3001, and the clever Miracle Levitation Hoop.
In 1998, Walter helped create the "World Alliance of Magicians" and served as its first international president.

Website: http://www.walterblaney.com

Blitz, Signor
(1810-1877)
Extremely successful 19th century English-born but America-based magician. Using the stage name of Signor Blitz, his real name was Antoni van Zandt. At the height of his career, at least 13 other magicians were performing under the name "Blitz" in an effort to capitalize on his popularity. Multi-talented, Blitz was an accomplished ventriloquist, juggler and bird handler as well as an entertaining magician. His favorite effect was the Bullet Catching act, though he stopped performing the feat after a number of malicious audience-induced accidents. He also performed for several years in the 1870's with a magic act involving more than 500 canaries. Author of Fifty Years in the Magic Circle (1871). His grave was recently "discovered" in New York by Benjilini, and has since been repaired and restored.
Bobo, J.B.
(1910-1996)

Born in Texarkana, Texas. He was inspired by seeing Eugene Laurant on the Chatauqua circuit. Taught first tricks at age c14 by Ed Reno, Eugene Laurant, and a travelling salesman. Studied the Tarbell Course in 1927. Worked as a close-up and kid-show stage magician since c1928, having given nearly 14,000 shows throughout the USA, but mainly in Texas and the central states. 1978 AMA Literary Fellowship. Lectured throughout the States, mostly at school assemblies.
Wrote:
Modern Coin Magic (1952), Watch This One! (1947), The Bobo Magic Show (1984)
He gives some of his magical performance advice in
Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Bongo, Ali
(b.1929)
Born William Wallace in India, this British comedy magician bills himself as Ali Bongo the Shriek of Araby. Author of several books on comedy magic, he is also an accomplished illustrator, drawing for a number of magic catalogs. Invented a variation of the Lu Brent Growing Hat, and other comedy magic effects.
Wrote: The Bongo Book (1966)
Booth, John
(1912 - ?)
John Nicholls Booth: pioneer travel film maker, 1930's night club star; author of 15 books, correspondent for major American newspapers, mountain climber on every continent, and noted Unitarian Reverend (1940).

Wrote: The Fine Art of Hocus Pocus (1996), Conjurian's Discoveries, Psychic Paradoxes, Wonders of Magic, Keys To Magic's Inner World, Forging Ahead in Magic (1939), Marvels of Mystery (1941).

  Bosco, Bartolomeo
(1793-1863)
Successful European magician, born in Turin, Italy, most popular between 1830 and 1850. His most famous trick was the Cups and Balls. His apparatus was very simple indeed consisting only of tin cups and pasteboard boxes, some of which still exist. He was the first magician who made his experiments with simple apparatus, and declared them to be natural experiments. He was also known for appearing to exchange the heads of two live chickens, a black one and a white one. Robert-Houdin gained some unfair publicity for himself when in 1838 he publicly criticized Bosco for "animal cruelty" after seeing him perform a trick in which he appeared to exchange the heads of two live chickens, a black one for a white one. Robert-Houdin knew full well that the trick was an illusion, and was not harmful to the animals in any way. Bosco died in poverty on March 6, 1863, in Gruna near Dresden. In 1903, Houdini discovered Bosco's dilapidated grave. He purchased title to the plot, and deeded it to the Society of American Magicians, starting a tradition of fraternal grave guardianship that continues today, especially through the efforts of Benjilini. Bosco was so well-known that no less than five other magicians performed under that name after his death, in an attempt to capitalize on his fame.
  Bosco, Eugene
(1823-1891)
Son of Bartolomeo Bosco and a popular magician. Inventor of the Sand Frame. His career was cut short when he shot his right hand off in 1857. Like his father, he died in poverty. It is interesting to note that two other magicians using the "Bosco" name were victims of gun accidents.
  Boston, George
(1905-1975)
Magician best known for his work as stage manager for Blackstone ,Sr. , Carter, Thurston and Nicola. Inventor of the Boston Box (a variation of the Okito Coin Box). Taught magic to Tony Curtis for his role in the 1953 movie Houdini.
Braue, Frederick
(1906-1962)

Born in California, USA. Newspaperman in Oakland. Semi-pro magician, specialized in card magic of which he was a master. Invented "Braue Addition", "Braue Reversal", "Rear Palm" (in 1935), "Homing Card" (1948), etc. Co-authored "Expert Card Technique" with Jean Hugard.
Braun, John
(? - ? )

Inventor of The Triple Tube Vanish. Literary Editor of the Linking Ring. Worked with J.B. Bobo in editing his Modern Coin Magic. Edited many other books, as well. Many of his silk magic effects are included in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.

Brooke, Ken
(1920 - 1983)
British magician and magic dealer but Ken Brooke wasn't just another magic dealer. When he sold someone an effect, many times it included his own instructions sheets, which reflected the real experiences of a performer who not only cared about how the tricks should be performed, but who also cared enough to provide information on the proper performance to those who bought his products. Even for those who do not do particular effects that were sold by Ken Brooke, reading these instructions sheets provided real lessons in magic.

Invented a version of "Chase the Ace," Fido (a card trick), may have invented "Professor Cheer's Comedy Rope" (at least he was the first magician on record who performed the trick at Glasgow, Scotland).

Wrote: It's Better Than Digging Roads which is a transcript from an audio tape Ken produced, published by Martin Breese in 1987 after Ken's death.

 
Brooks, Herbert
(1873-1923)
British stage magician and inventor of the Brooks Trunk, an escape illusion.
Brooks began performing as a magician/ escape artist in England, then in 1903 went to America where he performed in the Vaudeville Theatres of the larger cities. In 1913 he returned to England, where he celebrated great success with his "Herbert Brooks American Escape". By now he was using a steel trunk, from which he could escape with the same ease as the wooden trunk.
Buckley,Arthur
(1890-1953)

Born in Sydney, Australia. Inspired at age 18 seeing Allan Shaw show in New Zealand. Learned from Down's Modern Coin Manipulation. Debut six months later (still 1908) as 'Young Dante, King of Koins'. Thence pro coin-cardman as 'Mysto' in Australia and New Zealand. Moved to USA in 1918. By 1925 also worked two-person mind-reading with partner-wife Helen. Invented the "Muscle Pass" (by 1948).

 

  Carlo, Dr.
(?-?)
American born magician and magic dealer (real name Carlo Sommer) who invented the rubber dove as well as Balls of Fire (production of fire from a paper sack) and the Carlo Glass Production, marketing these effects through his Ohio magic shop.
 
  Carlyle
(1906-?)
Real name Lyle Laughlin, he had a successful career performing his sophisticated brand of magic in U.S. theaters and clubs, retiring in 1955. He is credited with inventing Three-To-One Ropes, and authoring a number of effects published in magic magazines.
Cassidy, Bob
(1949- )
Lawyer. Semi-pro mentalist. Co-founder of Psychic Entertainers Association in 1978. Edited Vibrations 1978-81 & 1984. Inventor of several mental magic effects, and author of many books on mental magic. Trustee of Jim Gerrish's Wiz Kids, Inc., in 1982.

Wrote: Bob Cassidy's Mentalism (e-book), The Art of Mentalism (1983), The Principia Mentalia (1994), and The Artful Mentalism of Bob Cassidy (2004).

Media: Mental Miracles with Bob Cassidy DVD
Informative Web site: http://mastermindreader.com/

Chanin, Jack
(1908-1997)
Born in the Ukraine, fled to Poland, and finally immigrating to the USA in 1926, Jack began a career as a magician, inventor and magic dealer.He excelled in the art of sleeving, and ran Philadelphia's oldest magic studio (Chanin's Studio of Magic) until 1981, marketing hundreds of effects of his own invention.
Invented: Mesh Egg Bag
A favorite at magic conventions, he also performed an Oriental act as Cha-Nin. Works include: Enyclopedia of Sleeving, 1947; Hello, Sucker! 1934; Cigar Manipulation, 1937; Silks at Your Fngertips.
  Charlier
(?-?)
French amateur magician, a specialist in card magic who invented the Charlier Pass as well as a card-marking system using pin pricks. One of the more famous street magicians in the late 1800s.
 
Chefalo
(1885-1963)
Italian-born stage magician (real name Ralfo Cefalo) credited with inventing the Chefalo Knot, and other rope magic effects as described in the Stewart James' Encyclopedia of Rope Tricks.
Also invented: The Girl in the Drum Illusion.
 
Chien, Han Ping
(c1890 - c1930)
Chinese stage magician who achieved his greatest success touring the United States and Europe in the first two decades of the 1900s. He is also credited with inventing the Han Ping Chien coin magic move.
Chop Chop
(1901-1964)
Australian-born magician (real name Alvin H. Wheatley) who performed as an Oriental, first under under the name the Tung Pin Soo, later under the name Chop Chop.. Appeared many times on American TV, including an appearance on Ed Sullivan Show. Invented the Chop Cup (1954) Don Alan used a cut-down version of the Chop Cup on a national TV show and popularized it among magicians everywhere.
  Christ, Henry
(1903-1972)
American magician who invented the Christ Force, Colour-Changing Deck, Christ Half Pass, Fabulous Four Ace Routine, and Dead Man's Hand. Former advertising executive.
Christian
(?-?)
Generally billed as "Magic Christian of Vienna", this Austrian magician's real name is Christian Stelzel. Multiple awards, including FISM First Place (Manipulation) in 1973, 1976 and 1979 plus First Place for Closeup Invention in 1979 as well. Austria has honored him for his research work on the history of magic as well as his talents as a magical entertainer and Goodwill Ambassador. Many appearances on television. Associated with Piatnik, manufacturer of trick decks. Author. Invented Ketten-Zauber and Color Changing Lighter.
Christopher, Milbourne
(1914-1984)
Major American magical entertainer, author, inventor and collector. Performed a popular full-evening show for many years. Produced and performed in the first network TV magic special, "The Festival of Magic", broadcast on May 27, 1957 on NBC-TV (a show which also featured Cardini's last television appearance). He wrote a long-running column in Hugard's Magic Monthly under the pen name "Frank Joglar", derived from words meaning "candid magician".
Invented: Telegram to Flowers and the original Forgetful Freddy
He wrote a number of classic books on magic history, including Panorama of Magic, The Illustrated History of Magic, Milbourne Christopher's Magic Book (1977), and Houdini: The Untold Story.
Clark, Keith
(1908-1979)
Born Pierre Feyss Cartier in France, he became famous as a cigarette manipulator. He was the author of Encyclopedia of Cigarette Magic(1937), Celebrated Cigarettes, Rope Royale (1942). Many of his magic inventions have something to do with ropes and silks and will be found in Stewart James' Encyclopedia of Rope Tricks and Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Collins, Stanley
(1881-1966 )
Collins was born in London. Affected by the magic performances of Chung Ling Soo , in 1905 he began to perform as "Loo Sing." Collins invented many magic effects, largely based on mechanical and hydraulic principles. Credited with inventing the Jumping Rubber Bands in 1911. He wrote various books: Original Magical Creations (1915), Deceptive Conceptions in Magic (1920), Collin's Card Conceits (1925), A Conjuring Mélange. He also wrote numerous articles in The Sphinx, The Jinx, Hugard's Magic Monthly, Pentagram, and The Linking Ring.
Collins, Ted
(born Frederick A. Collins, 1919 - 1993)
Magician, magic teacher, mentor, owner of Mecca Magic Shop in Bloomfield, NJ, Ted was also inventor of "The Panama Rope Trick" described in the Tarbell Course of Magic, as well as many packet card effects and improvements to existing effects. He was author of Wax Fax. Ted was one of the founding members of Ring 106 and was also President, 1953-1954.  He was a founding member of the Magic Dealer's Association and in 1966 Ted was President of the Magician's Alliance of Eastern States. Ted was also one of the first trustees of Jim Gerrish's Wiz Kids, Inc. from 1980-83.
Corradin , Anton
(1967 - )
Born Fabián Antonio Corradín in Sastre, Santa Fe, Argentina, he earned his degree in Veterinary Science in 1994, the same year he discovered a group of fellow magic enthusiasts in the city of Rosario.He then became a founding partner of the GRIM (Group of Magic Illusionists from Rosario), of which he is still a member. In 1999 he received the first prize in the Inventions category at the Argentinean Congress of Illusionism. In the year 2000 the Congress of the Latin American Federation of Magic Societies (FLASOMA) took place in Mexico DF, and in this event Antón received the second prize in the category Invention and the third prize in Scripted Magic. In the year 2001 he received a prize in the category Invention in the Argentinean Congress of Ilusionism (CADI). In the 2004 FLASOMA, Antón Corradín won the 1st Prize in the categories Invention and Perfection. In the 2005 CADI, Anton Corradín was awarded the 3rd prize in the Invention and Improvement category.

Invented: Antoninus Pius's Box, Corradin Box, Mental Hammer, Money Bag, Ringing Card Case, Fish Kerchief, Prince Anton Racquet, Instant Dove Trick, Corradin;'s Levitation and many more.

Informative Web site: http://www.antoncorradin.com

Crandall, "Senator" Clark
(1906-1975)
American comedy magician, magic dealer, Magic Castle guru. He developed seriuously funny routines for the Card Duck and the Cups and Balls.
 
Curry, Paul
(1917-1986)
Best known for inventing Out of This World card effect, and the Sliding Knot Curry was the vice-precident of the Blue Cross Insurance Company of New York, and a famous amateur magician. On March 12, 1977, the Academy of Magical Arts at The Magic Castle awarded Paul Curry with a "Creative Fellowship" award. He authored two books: Magician's Magic (2003) and Paul Curry's Worlds Beyond (2002).
Culpitt, Fred
(1877-1944)
Born Frederick Willis Culpitt , in 1909 he was booked by Chung Ling Soo for an Australian tour. From 1914-1918 he filled in for David Devant in England's famous Home of Mystery, St.George's Hall. Culpitt was well-known during the next thirty years as "The Magical Comedian." He was inventor of the Costume Trunk Illusion and the Doll's House Illusion.
Del Ray
(1925-2003)
Born Delbert Raymond Petrosky, Del Ray learned magic from a magic set, which he received at Christmas. When he joined the army at age 17, he met Harry Blackstone, Sr., and later went with Blackstone on tour as his assistant. After two and a half seasons, Del Ray resumed work in night clubs. By the beginning of the 1950's, he had begun work on the electronic magical act for which he was to become famous.
Invented: Talking Canary, Master Card Rise, Butch - the mechanical bear, many more, most unpublished and known only by magician's memories of their performance.
There is a review of a Del Ray performance written by
Walter Zaney Blaney in Volume 29 of Genii Magazine (1964) Page 626.
De Kolta, Buatier
(1845 – 1903)
Born Joseph Buatier, De Kolta was a French magician who successfully performed throughout the 1870s and 1880s in England and America. De Kolta was a contemporary of fellow French magician Jean Eugčne Robert-Houdin. Many of De Kolta's illusions, such as Multiplying Billiard Balls, the Expanding Die and the Vanishing Bird Cage, are still performed by magicians today.
De Kolta is famous for his De Kolta Chair or Vanishing Lady illusion shown in the photo at the right..
Also invented: Ascent to Nowhere Illusion.
 
De Muth, Frederick
(1885-1961)
De Muth began performing magic as an amateur in 1906. He began work at the Corning Glass Works in 1917, continuing there until 1955. In 1932, Fred de Muth presented an effect invented by Edward Massey, but manufactured by himself at the IBM Convention -"Glass Through Glass", described in John Northern Hilliard's Greater Magic (P.844). Later, Fred worked out a way to lock the glass in the frame and it was subsequently produced in plastic and sold by the millions as the "Penetration Frame." Other inventions, all employing his skills as a glass worker, included the Demuth Milk Bottle, Demuth Mirror Glass, Saltrix (1932), Milk Supreme, Milk Miracle, Utility Glass, Super Tumbler, and Master Tumbler.

Beginning in the 1920's, de Muth was a regular contributer to the Sphinx Magic Magazine.

Credit: Information provided by an article about De Muth written by Rev. Gordon W. Mattice of Corning, NY, and published in the December 1971 Linking Ring, sent to us, along with the photo on the left, by Mark Damon.

Devant, David
(1868-1941)
Born in Highgate, London, England. Stage name since 1885 of David Wighton, son of Scottish landscape artist James Wighton. Learned around age 15 from a book. Debut in 1885. Pro illusionist and manipulator. In 1905 taken on as partner by J. N. Maskelyne. First president of The Magic Circle 1905-06. Gave Royal Command Performances 1912 and 1913. Left partnership with Maskelyne in 1915 to go on his own. In 1920, he retired from stage because of illness (paralysis agitans) but continued as writer and teacher.
Prolific inventor, including Artist's Dream (1893), Color Change (1893), the Vest Servante (around 1893), Birth of Flora (1895), Mascot Moth (1905), and Vanishing Motorcycle (1913).
Wrote: Hand Shadows (1901), Magic Made Easy (1911), Lessons in Conjuring (1922), Tricks for Everyone: Clever Conjuring with Common Objects (1925), My Magic Life (1931), Secrets of My Magic (1936)
Coauthored: Our Magic with J. Nevil Maskelyne (1911)
Diaconis, Persi
(1945 - )
Discovered as a prodigy card magician by Dai Vernon, Diaconis dropped out of school at the age of 14 and went on tour with Vernon. By the age of 16, he struck out on his own as a magician. His need to know more about mathematics to solve certain magic problems convinced him to go back to N.Y. City College. He graduated with a degree in mathematics, was accepted at Harvard and earned his Ph.D. in 1974. He then joined the faculty of the Statistics Department at Stanford, and has remained there to this day.

In 1978, he identified what he calls "the bundle of sticks" phenomenon in magic; a magician's entire performance, like a bundle of sticks, is much stronger than the individual tricks it comprises.

Wrote: Some Tauberian Theorems Related to Coin Tossing (with C. Stein), 1978
Statistical Problems in ESP Research.,1978
The Mathematics of Perfect Shuffles (with R. L. Graham and W. M. Kantor), 1983
Trailing the Dovetail Shuffle to its Lair (with D. Bayer) which is his famous paper on the need to shuffle a deck seven times before it becomes truly random., 1992

Came up with the original idea for the Linking Finger Ring effect, which was produced by Richard Himber and made famous as the "Himber Ring." Also invented: Persi’s Collectors, The Red-Black Location (with Harry Lorrayne and Roberto Giobbi - Card College Volume 1).

Media: Appears on the Video, Dai Vernon’s The Spirit Of Magic

Informative Web site ...Video Clip

Dingle, Derek
(1937-2004)
Derek Dingle was born south of London. His interest in magic began when he was eight years old, and by the beginning of the 1960's he was learning much from Ross Bertram and Eddie Fechter. At the end of the sixies, he moved to New Jersey where he became a card and coin specialist on the NY Magic scene. Invented: Derek Dingle's Sympathetic Cards, Derek Dingle's Rainbow Deck, Derek Dingle's Australian Poker, Derek Dingle's Super Card Rise.
In 1971, he published with Harry Lorayne the book Dingle's Deceptions. In 1982, Richard Kaufman published The Complete Works of Derek Dingle.

Media: Stars Of Magic #4: Derek Dingle DVD; Derek Dingle's Deceptions And Delights 2-Volume DVD Set
  Doebler, Ludwig
(1801-1864)
An Austrian magician whose most famous tricks were the lighting of 200 candles on the stage with one shot of a pistol, and the Flora's Flower Bouquet Production, in which he produced a seemingly endless number of flowers out of an empty felt hat. The candle trick was actually performed using electricity, a rarely seen and mysterious commodity when he began performing this trick in 1840. He retired from magic in 1848.
Douglas, Bert
(1897-1974)
Born Douglas Robert Smith in Aberdeen, Scotland, Bert became interested in magic at the age of 12. As a young magician, he took the name "Mr. Smith - The Uncanny Aberdonian." Later, when he began writing for magicians,he transposed his two Christian names and became "Bert Douglas." His first magic writing was a contribution to The Magic Wand in 1912.
In 1920, Bert emigrated to Toronto, Canada. He was author of sixteen books and hundreds of articles to UK and USA Magic magazines.
Invented: Cut and Restored Jump Rope, and many original silk magic effects in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Wrote: Original Magic For All, Magic For Men, Masonic Magical Creations.(c 1927), Master Club Tricks (1934), Patter in Rhyme (1939)
Magic Café member Mark Damon has provided much helpful information about Douglas' life and works culled from The Linking Ring.
Downs, Thomas Nelson
(1867-1938)

Born in Garwin, Iowa. Raised in Montour and Marshalltown, Iowa. Pro manipulator and card and coin worker since 1883. World-famous 'King of Koins'. Elected to the SAM Hall of Fame.

Prolific innovator in coin magic. Invented Back-and-Front Palm (1884), Click Pass (c 1900), Eureka Pass (c 1900), Downs Palm (c 1902), Edge Palm, Coins to Glass (c 1909), Coin Star, Coin Wand, Downs Change (1909), possibly Estimation (c 1909), Dime and Penny Trick (c 1917).
Many of his sleights and routines are described in J.B. Bobo's Modern Coin Magic.
Wrote: The Art of Magic, Modern Coin Manipulation
Ducrot, Frank
(1872-1939)
Born T. Francis Fritz, he spent many years touring the United States as a Chautauqua performer. His performance featured hand shadows, chalk talk, Punch and Judy shows, chapeaugraphy (the art of making many different hats with one small circle of felt) and many other markers of the variety performer's trade. He is known in magic circles for inventing the classic trick called the Twentieth Century Handkerchief (in 1900 - the beginning of the 20th Century) and as inventor of the original Blendo, known as The Perfection Flag Trick and the version of the Chinese Rice Bowls used by many magicians today. During his long ownership of the Martinka company, Ducrot was very successful as a society entertainer. Many of his original silk magic effects can be found in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
  Dulay, Benson
(?-?)
Inventor of the Multum in Parvo effect, in which a large glass of milk is poured into a small glass, without overflowing.

Dusheck, Steve
(?-?)
Invented: Wunderbar, Waltzing Matilda, Coin/Card, Surprise, Dusheck's Dollar, The oin and Cord, Half-a-Buck, Dusheck's Diminshing Cards, Dollar Punch, E.S.Pen,Dusheck's Copper/Silver Transpo,Pad-I-Add, Case of Identity, By the Handful, Great Pretender, Half Back, Poly-Gripped, Confounding Coffer, Quick Change, Lethal Tender, Gung Ho Deck Vanish, Funky, Shell-A-Bration, Washout, Touché, Ringer (2005) and the list keeps growing.

Wrote: Dusheck's Thumbtip Magic (1991), Dusheck's Coin Magic (1992), Dusheck's Card Magic (1992), Dusheck's Mental Magic (1993), Dusheck's Close Up Magic (1994), Dusheck's Force Fields,

Media: The 1982 Lecture DVD

Web site: http://www.stevedusheck.com

Dunninger,Joseph
(1892 - 1975)
Joseph Dunninger was born in New York and took to magic at the age of five.His first professional show was performed when he was at the age of seven, before a Masonic Club in New York. He billed himself as "Master Joseph Dunninger, Child Magician." By the time he was sixteen, Dunninger was an adult magician with an enviable reputation and appeared for a year at Eden Musee in New York City. Even at this age, Dunninger ranked as one of the most prominent magicians of the time and he took to a vaudeville tour with the Keith-Orpheum Circuit. During this tour, Dunninger developed the act of reading the minds of members of his audiences. This type of act had been done for years before Dunninger came along and used verbal coded messages sent from an assistant to the "mind-reader". Dunninger used no assistants. In an act of inspired marketing, Dunninger offered $10,000 to anyone who could prove that he used stooges, confederates, or assistants of any kind.
Invented: One Hand Production Cabinet, Oriental Tubes, Drop Model Cabinet,
Duval Ade
1898-1965
Born Adolph Albert Amrein he became interested in magic at age 16, when he and his brotherbegan performing under the name "Duval Brothers." After his brother gave up magic, Ade continued alone and in 1928 developed "The Rhapsody in Silk", on which his later success was based. Assisted by his wife, he filled the whole stage with silks. After each performance, he needed four hours in order to prepare for the next performance. You find many of his silk magic effects in Rice's Encyclopedia of Silk Magic.
Elliott, James William
(1874-1920)

Born in Rumford, Maine. Learned at age 10 from amateur father. Retired as physician to be a pro cardman. Toured as 'Bosco' with the 'Le Roy-Talma-Bosco' troupe 1913-17. Invented the Spelling Trick (1910) and a variety of card tricks and sleights that bear his name..
Elmsley, Alex
(1929-2006)
Elmsley was a Scottish amateur magician, magic inventor and magic author. He was inventor of the Elmsley Count, also known as the Ghost Count. He wrote three sets of lecture notes: Low Cunning (1957). He then revamped these notes with changes to content for the USA to Low Cunning (1959). His final set of notes was Cardwork (1975).
He also has a two volume work Collected Works of Alex Elmsley.
His video series, "The Magic of Alex Elmsley: The Tahoe Sessions," features four videos of Alex, and includes his Torn And Restored Newspaper and Cups And Balls routines, both of which are well known among magicians.

 

Fantasio
(1936 - ?)
Born Richard Roucau in Buenos Aires, Argentina, he named himself Fantasio in 1961, when he joined the Círculo Mágico Argentino in Buenos Aires.
In July 1976, Fantasio -after 17 years on the professional stage- left show business. The second portion of his life then began. It was dedicated to creating, rnanufacturing and selling magic, especially the plastic candles and canes used in so much of his magic.
Wrote: My Canes and Candles
Media: Video Lectures 1 & 2 - Live at the Magic Castle (VHS videotape)
Web site
Fawkes, Isaac
(c1675 - 1731)
An early English magician, Fawkes was known to have performed the Egg Bag trick and Blooming Bush, effects still performed today.He also built and demonstrated mechanical automations, e.g. a clock, which imitated numerous music instruments and bird voices.
Fay, Anna Eva
(1851-1927)
Born Anna Norman, she demonstrated mediumistic effects, even before she married the spiritualist medium Henry Fay, but it was from him that she learned the rope tie in 1872. Up to the death of Henry Fay she developed her "act", but afterwards had great success on her own as "The High Priestess of the Mysterious Mysteries" around 1910.
She is credited with having invented the dancing handkerchief as a spirit apparition for one of her séances. It was upon witnessing Anna's presentation of the dancing handkerchief during a Chicago performance, that inspired Harry Blackstone, Sr. to add the routine to his own repertoire.
Fetsch, "Hen"
(1912-1961)
Inventor of Mental Epic, and various rope magic effects, including the pre-cursor of The Professor's Nightmare. Also invented Symbologic, Wallet Wallop, and Quadropelets.

Wrote: Milk Pitcher Magic, Magic With Canes (1960)

Fiedler, Lubor
(?-?)
Fiedler's creations include Gozinta Boxes, the Dental Dam trick, Red Hot Wire and many more. So far he has created five successful effects for Tenyo with more in the pipeline. His most recent Tenyo creation is Blue Crystal. Lubor Fiedler resides in Spittal, Austria.
His inventions also include: Parabox (1993), Invisible Zone (1995), Krazy Keys (1996), Impossible Pen (1997), Antigravity Rock (1998), Phantom Clock (1999), Blue Crystal (2000).
Fields, Eddie
(1915-1994)
Inventor of Invisible Deck, Zodiac Card Miracle, Relaxation Double Turnover and many other tricks and sleights. American mentalist (with partner George Martz), card handling expert, former Coney Island sideshow magician. Also invented a two-man code that bears his name.
Fischer, Ottokar
(1873-1940)
Born Ottokar Fischer Marteau, he started magic in Vienna at the age of 10. Gave his first puiblic performance at age 18. Starting in 1898 he appeared regularly at the Kratky Baschik theatre in Vienna, a magic theatre with nearly 1000 seats. For 12 years he performed daily with a two and a half-hour show of magic. After the First World War he no longer performed publicly and dedicated his life to the history of magic, in particular to the life of Austrian and European magicians. He wrote The Miracle Book of Magic (1929) and J. N. Hofzinser's Card Conjuring - Kartenkünste (1910), and Illustrated Magic - Zauberkünste (1942).
Fleming, Caryl
(1890 - 1940)
Caryl Stacy Fleming was born Oct 13, 1890 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Caryl worked as an actor, director, writer and amateur magician in New York and later in Los Angeles. His interest in magic never waned and as a result, in the spring of 1938, he helped charter a new magic club of the International Brotherhood of Magicians, christened "Hollywood RING 21."As fate would have it, at age 49, Caryl Fleming died on September 2, 1940 in Los Angeles while performing a card trick...just one month shy of his 50th birthday.
Foo, Ching Ling
(1854-1922)
A Chinese-born magician (real name Chee Ling Qua) who was the first true Oriental magician to achieve world fame. He is credited with inventing the Foo Can, Laundry Tickets.
He studied traditional Chinese magic and became a well-known and well-respected performer there. In 1898, he brought his show to the United States to perform at the Trans-Mississippi Exhibition in Omaha, Nebraska, and continued on to New York for a very successful tour. During his performance, he seemed to breathe smoke and fire, and produced ribbons and a fifteen foot long pole from his mouth. Ching Ling Foo caused a sensation when he took an empty piece of cloth, produced a huge bowl, filled to the brim with water, and then produced a small child (photo right).
While Ching Ling Foo was in New York, he offered a reward of $1,000 to anyone who could produce a bowl filled with water like he did. He did it just for the publicity, but American magician William Robinson didn't know that, took up the chal;lenge and this formed the inspiration that was to become Chung Ling Soo.
Fowler, Gus
(1888-1960)
Born Augustus Gerald Fowler, he learned magic at the age of 18. When he was 21 years old, J.N. Maskelyne became his mentor. After one year working with Maskelyne at St.George's Hall in London, he began the act known as Gus Fowler the Watch King. Gus Fowler manipulated with clocks with ease as other magicians manipulated coins or cards. He produced clocks, let them disappear and fly around, and ended with the production of 30 ringing bells from a hat.
Fox, Karrell
(1928 - )
When he was a child, his parents operated a small restaurant in E. Rainelle, West Virginia. A customer sneaked out without paying his bill, but left behind a few small tricks. With these, Karrell began his magic career. He appeared on the "Ed Sullivan Show" at the age of 18. He later had his own TV show, performing as Milky the Clown.
Wrote: Clever Like a Fox (1976), Another Book by Karrell Fox (1979), Comedy A La Card
Futagawa, Shigeo
Born in Yokohama, Japan. He was inspired at age 15 by a TV magic show. Began performing professional close-up magic in 1972, specializing in card and coin magic. He invented several packet tricks and coin routines. He has lectured in USA. In 1983, he won the Tenkai Prize. Inventions include: 3-Rope Card Trick, Four Tell On Dice, Upon Reflection, 3D Reflection
Wrote: Introduction to Coin Magic (1978)
Ganson, Lewis
(1913-1980)
Wrote more than sixty books on magic, among them Routined Manipulation (three volumes, 1951-54), Dai Vernon's Symphony of the Rings, The Dai Vernon Book of Magic (1957), Cy Endfield's Entertaining Card Magic (1959), The Magic of Slydini, Magic with Faucett Ross,The Art of Close-up Magic (1972), and The Ganson Book (1982).
 
Garcia, Frank
(1927-1993)
Son of Spanish immigrants. He decided to become a magician after seeing a performance of Fu Manchu (David Bamberg).
Frank Garcia was a very popular magician who was known to magicians and gamblers as "The Man With The Million Dollar Hands." One of his specialties was gambling scams and cheating. As "The Gambling Investigator", he demonstrated and exposed cheating methods at tradeshows and to law enforcement organizations throughout the United States.
His best-known books about gambling include: Marked Cards and Loaded Dice (1962) which was later released as How to Detect Crooked Gambling (1977), All in a Nutshell (1974) and Don't Bet on It (1978).
Garcia also wrote many other books on magic: Million Dollar Card Secrets, Super Subtle Card Miracles, The Very Best of Cups and Balls, and Encyclopedia of Sponge Ball Magic.
Gardner,Martin
(1914 - )
Wrote: Martin Gardner's Table Magic, Encyclopedia of Impromptu Magic, 12 Tricks with a Borrowed Deck, After the Dessert, Die of Another Color, Martin Gardner Presents, Mathematics, Magic, and Mystery, Mental Magic: Surefire Tricks to Amaze Your Friends, and many more books of a mathematical, scientific or puzzle nature.
He has been a regular contributor to Scientific American and is so respected by scientists, that he has had an asteroid (2587 - Gardner) named after him.
Germain,Karl
(1878 - 1960)
Germain, Karl (born Charles Mattmueller), began at the age of 8 years Between 14 and 16 he learned muscle vintages, which he demonstrated however only with private appearances. At the age of 18 he demonstrated a mind reading program with his sister as a medium. In 1906 he traveled to London, where he came to know and work with David Devant and John Neville Maskelyne.
Germain presented stage magic like the Visible Flower Growth; large illusions including levitations, appearances, and transpositions; mysterious spirit effects; and very clever mentalism. It was said that he could fool expert magicians with his close-up magic.
 
Gerrish, Jim
(1942 - )

Magic author and inventor, Founder of the original Wiz Kids, Inc. in 1980; co-founder of The Magic Nook with Phineas Spellbinder (Victor Grimes) in 2003. Inventor of many magic tricks and illusions including "The Utility Cabinet," "The O.O.P.S! Machine (burnt shoe trick)," and many others. Author of PVC Pipe Illusions for the REALLY, REALLY Cheap Illusionist! and many articles in Genii Magazine and The Wizards' Journals.

Gibson, Walter Brown
(1897-1985)
Gibson, already interested in magic as a child, joined the Society of American Magicians at the age of 22. He knew a great many celebrated magicians personally,such as Thurston, Houdini, Blackstone,